Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2409

According to a 2006 analysis of data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, "Workers could increase their annual income by an average of 5 percent from age 50 onward for one additional year of work and 25 percent for five additional years of work. The additional net wealth from one more year of work, if annuitized at retirement, could increase consumption by 9 percent per year. Five additional years of work could increase annual consumption at retirement by 56 percent per year. Workers in the bottom lifetime earnings quintile could increase annual consumption at retirement by 16 percent with one additional year of work and by 98 percent with five additional years of work." (p. 2)

Butrica, B. A., Smith, K. E., & Steuerle, E. (2008). Working for a good retirement. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/311333_good_retirement.pdf

The Urban Institute's Dynamic Simulation of Income Model (DYNASIM3) is used to determine the individual and budgetary consequences of working longer. In DYNASIM, retirement is defined as substantial, but not necessarily complete, withdrawal from the labor force. Specifically, DYNASIM's retirement age represents the age at which a worker experiences at least a 50 percent drop in earnings compared with average earnings earned between age 45 and 50. (The drop in earnings must last for at least two years.) The model starts with a self-weighting sample of about 100,000 individuals from the 1990 to 1993 Survey of Income and Program Participation. DYNASIM ages this starting sample in yearly increments to 2050, using parameters estimated from longitudinal data sources.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1873

According to a 2007 study of employee benefits trend, "being able to afford health care in retirement, the top concern for all employees, is far more important to females (73%) than males (52%)." (p. 23)

Metlife. (2007). Study of employee benefits trends: Findings from the national survey of employers and employees. New York, NY: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from http://www.whymetlife.com/trends/

This study summarizes the results of a national survey of 1,514 benefits decision-makers and 1,202 full-time employees concerning employee benefits, marketplace trends and their overall financial situations.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1872

According to a 2007 study of employee benefits trends, "Women are more concerned about outliving their retirement money -- 62% versus 45% for males." Similarly, 57% of women report concerns about having to work full-time or part-time to live comfortably during retirement. (p. 23)

Metlife. (2007). Study of employee benefits trends: Findings from the national survey of employers and employees. New York, NY: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from http://www.whymetlife.com/trends/

This study summarizes the results of a national survey of 1,514 benefits decision-makers and 1,202 full-time employees concerning employee benefits, marketplace trends and their overall financial situations.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1867

According to a 2007 study of employee benefits trends, 40% of companies offered medical, life, and/or dental insurance to retired employees in 2006, compared to 33% in 2005 and 28% in 2004. "A growing proportion of these companies (63% in 2006 vs. 27% in 2004) generally expect their expenditure for retiree benefits to grow over the next five years" (p. 12)

Metlife. (2007). Study of employee benefits trends: Findings from the national survey of employers and employees. New York, NY: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from http://www.whymetlife.com/trends/

This study summarizes the results of a national survey of 1,514 benefits decision-makers and 1,202 full-time employees concerning employee benefits, marketplace trends and their overall financial situations.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1841

According to a 2006 EBRI analysis, for retirees who have access to retiree health benefits from a former employer but pay the full premium, "A 65-year-old retiring in 2006 who lives to age 80 will need $115,000 in savings to pay for health insurance premiums and out-of-pocket [health-related]expenses. In contrast, an individual who lives to age 90 will need $214,000 in savings at age 65. For a couple...using life expectancy of 82 for men and 85 for women, an average couple will need $295,000 at age 65. Were a couple instead to live to age 95, they would need $550,000." (p. 12-13)

Fronstin, P. (2006). Savings needed to fund health insurance and health care expenses in retirement. (Issue Brief No. 295). Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute. Retrieved March 22, 2008 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_07-20061.pdf

This Issue Brief examines the cost of health insurance and health care expenses in retirement. It examines recent trends in private- and public-sector retiree health benefits and the impact of these trends on current and future retirees. It also presents options that retirees currently have to supplement the Medicare program, and provides estimates of how much those options will cost current and future retirees.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1838

According to the 2007 EBRI Retirement Confidence Survey, "fewer than 1 in 10 workers say they are very confident that the Social Security system will continue to provide benefits of at least equal value to the benefits received by retirees today (7 percent), and one-quarter are somewhat confident (24 percent). At the same time, two-thirds are not too (34 percent) or not at all (34 percent) confident that future Social Security benefits will match or exceed the value of today's benefits." (p. 22)

Helman, R., VanDerhei, J., & Copeland, C. (2007). The retirement system in transition: The 2007 retirement confidence survey (Issue Brief No. 304). Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_04a-20075.pdf

These findings are part of the 17th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), a survey that gauges the views and attitudes of working-age and retired Americans regarding retirement, their preparations for retirement, their confidence with regard to various aspects of retirement, and related issues. The survey was conducted in January 2007 through 21-minute telephone interviews with 1,252 individuals (1,001 workers and 251 retirees) age 25 and older in the United States.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1837

According to the 2007 EBRI Retirement Confidence Survey, "almost 2 in 10 workers state they are not at all likely to need long-term care at some point in their lives (17 percent). Another 3 in 10 say they are not too likely to need such care (30 percent) and 4 in 10 say it is somewhat likely (39 percent). Only 1 in 10 think it is very likely that they will need long-term nursing care at some point in their lives (10 percent)." (p. 19)

Helman, R., VanDerhei, J., & Copeland, C. (2007). The retirement system in transition: The 2007 retirement confidence survey (Issue Brief No. 304). Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_04a-20075.pdf

These findings are part of the 17th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), a survey that gauges the views and attitudes of working-age and retired Americans regarding retirement, their preparations for retirement, their confidence with regard to various aspects of retirement, and related issues. The survey was conducted in January 2007 through 21-minute telephone interviews with 1,252 individuals (1,001 workers and 251 retirees) age 25 and older in the United States.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1836

In regard to the amount of money needed to cover costs of health care, prescription drugs and health insurance in retirement, "approximately 1 in 10 workers think they will need to accumulate less than $50,000 (12 percent) and 2 in 10 each think they will need $50,000-$99,999 (20 percent) and $100,000-$249,999 (20 percent). Less than one-quarter think they will need at least $250,000. Almost one-quarter of workers have no idea how much they will need (23 percent)", according to the 2007 EBRI Retirement Confidence Survey. (Fig. 20. p. 18)

Helman, R., VanDerhei, J., & Copeland, C. (2007). The retirement system in transition: The 2007 retirement confidence survey (Issue Brief No. 304). Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_04a-20075.pdf

These findings are part of the 17th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), a survey that gauges the views and attitudes of working-age and retired Americans regarding retirement, their preparations for retirement, their confidence with regard to various aspects of retirement, and related issues. The survey was conducted in January 2007 through 21-minute telephone interviews with 1,252 individuals (1,001 workers and 251 retirees) age 25 and older in the United States.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1834

"Although the majority of Americans appear to be persuaded about the need to set aside money to prepare for retirement, [the 2007 EBRI Retirement Confidence Survey] finds a slight decline in the proportion of workers saying they and/or their spouses have saved money for retirement (66 percent, down from 70 percent in 2006)." (Fig. 5, p. 8)

Helman, R., VanDerhei, J., & Copeland, C. (2007). The retirement system in transition: The 2007 retirement confidence survey (Issue Brief No. 304). Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_04a-20075.pdf

These findings are part of the 17th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), a survey that gauges the views and attitudes of working-age and retired Americans regarding retirement, their preparations for retirement, their confidence with regard to various aspects of retirement, and related issues. The survey was conducted in January 2007 through 21-minute telephone interviews with 1,252 individuals (1,001 workers and 251 retirees) age 25 and older in the United States.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1833

According to the 2007 EBRI Retirement Confidence Survey, "even though many employers are eliminating health care coverage for future retirees, 4 in 10 workers continue to expect they will have access to employer-provided health insurance when they retire (41 percent). (Fig. 2, p. 6)

Helman, R., VanDerhei, J., & Copeland, C. (2007). The retirement system in transition: The 2007 retirement confidence survey (Issue Brief No. 304). Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_04a-20075.pdf

These findings are part of the 17th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), a survey that gauges the views and attitudes of working-age and retired Americans regarding retirement, their preparations for retirement, their confidence with regard to various aspects of retirement, and related issues. The survey was conducted in January 2007 through 21-minute telephone interviews with 1,252 individuals (1,001 workers and 251 retirees) age 25 and older in the United States.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1831

According to the 2007 EBRI Retirement Confidence Survey, when workers were asked about their expectations of receiving benefits from employer-provided traditional pension plans, "almost 2 in 10 report they are much less confident than they were five years ago (18 percent), while more than one-quarter are a little less confident (27 percent). Twenty-eight percent say their confidence is unchanged and 16 percent indicate their confidence has increased." (Figure 1, p. 5)

Helman, R., VanDerhei, J., & Copeland, C. (2007). The retirement system in transition: The 2007 retirement confidence survey (Issue Brief No. 304). Washington, DC: Employee Benefits Research Institute. Retrieved December 8, 2007 from http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_IB_04a-20075.pdf

These findings are part of the 17th annual Retirement Confidence Survey (RCS), a survey that gauges the views and attitudes of working-age and retired Americans regarding retirement, their preparations for retirement, their confidence with regard to various aspects of retirement, and related issues. The survey was conducted in January 2007 through 21-minute telephone interviews with 1,252 individuals (1,001 workers and 251 retirees) age 25 and older in the United States.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1650

In a 2007 national study, 43.2% of the employers indicated that they allow their retirees access to at least some benefits. (p. 13)

Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Smyer, M. A., Matz-Costa, C., & Kane, K. (2007). The national study report: Phase II of the national study of business strategy and workforce development (Research Highlight No. 04). Chestnut Hill, MA: The Center on Aging & Work/Workplace Flexibility. Retrieved August 22, 2007 from http://agingandwork.bc.edu/documents/RH04_NationalStudy_03-07_004.pdf

The National Study of Business Strategy and Workforce Development is a 2007 study carried out by The Center on Aging & Work/Workplace Flexibility at Boston College. Human resource professionals at 578 non-governmental organizations with 50 or more employees completed a survey about their organization's response to the aging workforce. At these organizations, approximately three-fourths of the employees were full-time, almost half were women and one-third were members of a racial/ethnic minority group.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2109

According to a 2008 analysis of Consumer Bankruptcy Project data, "in 1991 only 8.2 percent of bankrupt debtors were age 55 or older. By 2007, the proportion of bankrupt debtors age 55 or older had nearly tripled to 22.3 percent." In contrast, "in 1991, 45.4 percent of all bankrupt debtors were under age 35; by 2007, that proportion had dropped to 26.1 percent. This represents a 42 percent decline in the proportion of bankruptcy filers in this age group. (p. 4)

Thorne, D., Warren, E., & Sullivan, T. A. (2008). Generations of struggle. Washington DC: AARP. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/consume/2008_11_debt.pdf

This paper is the first report from the 2007 Consumer Bankruptcy Project (CBP), which surveyed 2,435 adults of all ages who filed for bankruptcy in early 2007. Analysis of the age distribution of bankruptcy filings was compared to the 1991 and 2001 CBP reports.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2112

In a 2008 analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women, "the poverty rate for African-American women in 1967, when they were in midlife (aged 30-44), was more than four times greater than the rate for white women (44 percent versus 10 percent). In 2001 when most were in their retirement years, it was still nearly three times greater for African-American women than the rate for white women (42 percent versus 14 percent). (p. 8)

Lee, S., & Shaw, L. (2008). From work to retirement: Tracking changes in women's poverty. Washington, DC: AARP. Retrieved from http://www.aarp.org/research/assistance/lowincome/2008_03_poverty.html

This study examines the extent and possible causes of women's poverty as they move from midlife into their retirement years. The study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Mature Women, which is a unique data source that tracked a large number of women from midlife (ages 30-44 in 1967) until they reached retirement years (ages 64-78 in 2001). Respondents were surveyed periodically since 1967, and the survey collected data on a variety of topics including marital status, employment, health, income, and assets throughout a near 35-year period. (p. i)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2194

According to a 2008 report on sources of income for older persons, "34.8 million people age 65 and older, 96.6 percent of the older population, had income in 2006. 86.4 percent of the older population had Social Security income. 30.7 percent of the older population had income from pensions and retirement savings. Many over 65 year olds were working; 18.6 percent had earnings income. (p. 1)

Wu, K. B. (2008). Sources of income for older persons, 2006. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/fs143_income.pdf

This report includes information about income sources for individuals age 65 and older in 2006 obtained from the March 2007 Current Population Survey (CPS)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2408

According to analysis of data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2008), the typical household age 50 and older with a retirement account holds a balance of $89,300, not enough to replace one year's pre-retirement income." (p. 4)

Johnson, R. W., Soto, M., & Zedlewski, S. R. (2008). How is the economic turmoil affecting older Americans?. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/publications/411765.html http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/411765_economic_turmoil.pdf

This reports includes analysis of data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2008).

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2389

According to a 2007 analysis of CPS data, "the poverty rate for older Hispanics is twice that for all persons age 65 and older (20.4 percent and 10.1 percent, respectively). Without Social Security benefits, more than one half (52.5 percent) of older Hispanics would live below the poverty threshold." (p. 2)

Wu, K. B. (2007). Hispanics age 65 and older: Sources of retirement income in 2005. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/fs135_hisp_retire.pdf

This report is based on analysis of data from the U. S. Bureau of the Census, March 2006 Current Population Survey.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2388

According to a 2007 analysis of CPS data, nearly 85 percent of Hispanic women depend on Social Security for at least half or more of their income; more than 50 percent depend on it for 100 percent of their income. (p. 1)

Wu, K. B. (2007). Hispanics age 65 and older: Sources of retirement income in 2005. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/fs135_hisp_retire.pdf

This report is based on analysis of data from the U. S. Bureau of the Census, March 2006 Current Population Survey.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2387

According to a 2007 analysis of CPS data, "Social Security provides benefits to almost 75 percent of older Hispanics and represents the largest single component of retirement income for this population group. Almost 80 percent of Hispanics age 65 and older who receive Social Security depend on Social Security for 50 percent or more of their income." (p. 1)

Wu, K. B. (2007). Hispanics age 65 and older: Sources of retirement income in 2005. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/fs135_hisp_retire.pdf

This report is based on analysis of data from the U. S. Bureau of the Census, March 2006 Current Population Survey.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2274

According to a 2008 analysis of Social Security Administration data, "37% of men and 35% of women aged 55 to 64 who received income from a pension in 2007 were employed in March 2008." (Table 6, p. 13)

Purcell, P. (2008). Older workers: Employment and retirement trends - September 15, 2008. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http://opencrs.cdt.org/document/RL30629

This paper presents an analysis of data from the Census Bureau's March 2008 Current Population Survey on employment and receipt of pension income among persons age 55 and older, and data from the Social Security Administration on the proportion of workers who claim retired-worker benefits before the full retirement age.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2271

According to a 2008 analysis of CPS data, "among men aged 55 to 64 who received income from a pension or retirement savings plan during 2007, 37.4% were employed either full or part time in March 2008. Among women 55 to 64 years old who received income from a pension or retirement savings plan in 2007, 35.1% were employed in March 2008.".... "Relatively few men aged 65 or older who received income from pensions or retirement savings plans also engaged in paid employment: only 10% to 13% of men  were employed, on average, at any point during the period shown in the table.  Among women aged 65 or older who received income from a pension or retirement savings plan, only 6% to 9%, on average, were employed at any time during the period from 1990 to 2007." (Table 6, p. 9-10)




Purcell, P. (2008). Older workers: Employment and retirement trends - September 15, 2008. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http://opencrs.cdt.org/document/RL30629

This paper presents an analysis of data from the Census Bureau's March 2008 Current Population Survey on employment and receipt of pension income among persons age 55 and older, and data from the Social Security Administration on the proportion of workers who claim retired-worker benefits before the full retirement age.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2270

According to a 2008 analysis of CPS data, 17% of men aged 55 to 64 were receiving pension income in 2007; this represents a decline from 19% who received such income in 2000. Over the same period, the proportion of men aged 65 or older receiving pension income also fell, declining from 43% in 2000 to 41.6% in 2007. The proportion of women aged 55 to 64 with pension income fell slightly from 12% in 2000 to 11% in 2007. Among women 65 or older, 28% received income from pensions and retirement savings plans in 2007, compared to 29% in 2000. (p. 8)






Purcell, P. (2008). Older workers: Employment and retirement trends - September 15, 2008. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from http://opencrs.cdt.org/document/RL30629

This paper presents an analysis of data from the Census Bureau's March 2008 Current Population Survey on employment and receipt of pension income among persons age 55 and older, and data from the Social Security Administration on the proportion of workers who claim retired-worker benefits before the full retirement age.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2222

According to a 2008 BLS report, Consumer Price Index (CPI) data show that the annual inflation rate for seniors has been equal to or greater than the inflation rate for all urban consumers in every year since that series began except for 1983 and 2007. However, the yearly differences have been fairly small; over the past 25 years the index for older Americans has risen an average of 3.3 percent each year, as compared to 3.1 percent for the official CPI."






Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008). Spotlight on statistics: Older workers. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from http://stats.bls.gov/spotlight/2008/older_workers/pdf/older_workers_bls_spotlight.pdf

This report is based on analysis of data from the Current Population Survey, the National Compensation Survey, and BLS Employment Projections.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2206

A 2007 analysis of Health and Retirement Study data for Americans 45-75 found that "about one-half of men and 40 percent of women who retired from long-term jobs and were reemployed elsewhere experienced hourly wage losses of at least 50 percent. By comparison, about 25 percent of men laid-off from long-term jobs, 16 percent of men who quit long-term jobs, and 24 percent of men who left long-term jobs for other reasons experienced such large relative wage declines." (p. iv)

Johnson, R. W., & Kawachi, J. (2007). Job changes at older ages: Effects on wages, benefits, and other job attributes. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/311435_Job_Changes.pdf

This report uses data from the Health and Retirement Study of Americans over age 50. It compares wages, benefits, and other job attributes on new and former jobs for adults ages 45 to 75 who changed employers between 1986 and 2004. The sample consisted of 8,362 job changes by 5,541 different respondents.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2196

According to a 2006 report on sources of income for older persons, "about 89 percent of whites, 80.9 percent of blacks, and 72.4 percent of Hispanics had income from Social Security in 2006...33.2 percent of whites had income from pension and retirement savings, compared with 25.2 percent of blacks and 13.9 percent Hispanics."(p. 4)

Wu, K. B. (2008). Sources of income for older persons, 2006. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/fs143_income.pdf

This report includes information about income sources for individuals age 65 and older in 2006 obtained from the March 2007 Current Population Survey (CPS)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 2195

According to a 2006 report on sources of income for older persons, "older men were twice as likely (42.6 percent) as older women (21.7 percent) to have income from pensions and retirement savings, and the men's median retirement income of $12,334 was almost two times that of women ($6,804)...About 24 percent of older men had income from earnings, with a median of $24,000 while 14.7 percent of older women had earnings income, with a median of $15,000." (p. 3)

Wu, K. B. (2008). Sources of income for older persons, 2006. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/fs143_income.pdf

This report includes information about income sources for individuals age 65 and older in 2006 obtained from the March 2007 Current Population Survey (CPS)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1568

"According to analysis of the Health and Retirement Study, there was a relationship found between bridge job prevalence and socio-economic status.  Those at both ends of the wage distribution had higher rates of bridge job employment than those in the middle wage groups." (p.6)




Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2007). Down shifting: The role of bridge jobs after career employment. (Issue Brief No. 6). Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College Center on Aging & Work/Workplace Flexibility. Retrieved October 30, 2007 from http://agingandwork.bc.edu/documents/IB06_DownShifting_003.pdf



"This Issue Brief focuses on how people leave their career employment and the role that one particular type of flexible work arrangement, bridge jobs, plays in the retirement transitions of older Americans."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1520

According to a 2005 AARP survey, “Workers ages 50-65 who plan to continue working after age 65 (76%) were significantly more likely than other respondents to identify the need for money as a major reason to work in retirement."




Brown, S. K. (2005). Attitudes of individuals 50 and older toward phased retirement (research report). Washington, D.C.: AARP Knowledge Management. Retrieved 10/21/2007, from http://www.aarp.org/research/work/retirement/Articles/attitudes_of_individuals_50_and_older_toward_phase.html

"This survey of individuals ages 50 and older was designed to gauge reactions to the concept of phased retirement as outlined and to determine the extent to which phased retirement would encourage workers near traditional retirement age to remain in the workforce longer than they would have otherwise...Conducted from January 6th through January 15th 2005, the survey was fielded to panel members who were ages 50 or older...A total of 2,167 individuals participated in the survey. Of all respondents, approximately one-third were workers between the ages of 50 and 65 who plan to retire by age 65, about one-quarter were workers between the ages of 50 and 65 who plan to continue working beyond age 65, approximately one in ten were workers ages 66 or older, and the remaining one-quarter were individuals ages 50 or older who are currently retired."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1267

"Trip takers aged 65 and older had the highest average annual travel expenditures of any of the age groups in 2000 ($1,025)."

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003, November). Travel expenditures by age. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www.bls.gov/opud/ted/2003/nov/wk1/art02.htm.

"The Consumer Expenditure Survey is the source of these data. Find out more in Consumer Expenditure Survey Anthology, 2003 (PDF 2.7 MB). Age refers to the age of the reference person, the first person mentioned by the survey respondent when asked to "Start with the name of the person or one of the persons who owns or rents the home.” Note that business-related travel expenditures for which an individual receives reimbursement are not included."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 942

According to the "A Work-Filled Retirement" survey, "4 in 10 workers believe their principle source of retirement income will come from employer-sponsored pensions or 401(k) plans. Twenty-two percent believe their own personal savings will be their main income source, with Social Security the third most cited primary retirement income source (14%)." (p.18, Figure 3.2)

Reynolds, S., Ridley, N., & Van Horn, C., Ph.D. (2005, August). A Work-Filled Retirement: Workers' Changing Views on Employment and Leisure. Worktrends, 8.1 (Summer '05).

“In this report, American workers across the nation describe their expectations of retirement and their views of how older workers are treated in the workplace…A total of 1,232 adults were interviewed for this survey. Respondents who worked full or part time, or who were unemployed and looking for work, received a complete interview. A total of 432 respondents who did not meet these criteria received a short interview that included demographic questions. The results of this report are based on a total of 800 complete interviews with members of the workforce, including 82 people who have retired from their primary job but remain in the workforce. The final results were weighted to match U.S. Census Bureau estimates for age, educational attainment, gender, and race.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 931

According to the "A Work-Filled Retirement" survey, "six in 10 respondents now believe they will not be able to retire from full time work by age 60, including 12% who say they will never be able to retire. In contrast, in 2000, only 40% of workers surveyed doubted they could retire by age 60, with 7% saying they would never be able to retire." (p.2)

Reynolds, S., Ridley, N., & Van Horn, C., Ph.D. (2005, August). A Work-Filled Retirement: Workers' Changing Views on Employment and Leisure. Worktrends, 8.1 (Summer '05).

“In this report, American workers across the nation describe their expectations of retirement and their views of how older workers are treated in the workplace…A total of 1,232 adults were interviewed for this survey. Respondents who worked full or part time, or who were unemployed and looking for work, received a complete interview. A total of 432 respondents who did not meet these criteria received a short interview that included demographic questions. The results of this report are based on a total of 800 complete interviews with members of the workforce, including 82 people who have retired from their primary job but remain in the workforce. The final results were weighted to match U.S. Census Bureau estimates for age, educational attainment, gender, and race.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 854

"Despite the potential disconnect between actual longevity rates and their retirement assets, older workers are generally quite positive about how they are doing. Both those working and fully retired are very consistent, with about 42% reporting that they are better off than they expected to be 10 years ago." (Chart 12, p.19)

MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2006, April). Living longer, working longer: The changing landscape of the aging workforce- a MetLife Study.  New York, NY: MetLife Mature Market Institute, DeLong, D., & Zogby International.  Retrieved August 10, 2006, from http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/93703586101144176243V1FLivingLonger.pdf

"This study describes the decisions that older workers are actually making about work and retirement. It reports on their experiences more than their expectations of the journey into retirement, assuming that life stage is not defined by some date, but is rather an ongoing process… It consisted of an interactive online survey conducted by Zogby with a panel of 2,719 respondents. To qualify for the study, participants had to be between the ages of 55-70. Slight weights were added to region, race and gender to more accurately reflect the population of U.S. adults. A primary focus of the 50-question survey was to better understand the experiences and behaviors of the aging workforce, so the survey included many questions asked only of people who were still working or seeking work, either full- or part-time.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 852

"When it comes to having enough money in retirement, aging Boomers (age 55-59) are the least confident of the bunch. About 44% are not confident they will have enough money to live comfortably past age 85. Those age 60-65 and 66-70 are considerably more confident (69%) on the issue of retirement security, although their confidence may be unfounded." (p.18)

MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2006, April). Living longer, working longer: The changing landscape of the aging workforce- a MetLife Study.  New York, NY: MetLife Mature Market Institute, DeLong, D., & Zogby International.  Retrieved August 10, 2006, from http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/93703586101144176243V1FLivingLonger.pdf

"This study describes the decisions that older workers are actually making about work and retirement. It reports on their experiences more than their expectations of the journey into retirement, assuming that life stage is not defined by some date, but is rather an ongoing process… It consisted of an interactive online survey conducted by Zogby with a panel of 2,719 respondents. To qualify for the study, participants had to be between the ages of 55-70. Slight weights were added to region, race and gender to more accurately reflect the population of U.S. adults. A primary focus of the 50-question survey was to better understand the experiences and behaviors of the aging workforce, so the survey included many questions asked only of people who were still working or seeking work, either full- or part-time.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 850

"Few of the workers surveyed for this study moved to warmer climates once they started receiving retirement benefits-an issue of concern for government officials in northern industrial states. Only 15% of 66-70 year-olds moved, while 21% of 60-65 year-olds and 28% of 55-59 year-olds chose to relocate." (p.17)

MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2006, April). Living longer, working longer: The changing landscape of the aging workforce- a MetLife Study.  New York, NY: MetLife Mature Market Institute, DeLong, D., & Zogby International.  Retrieved August 10, 2006, from http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/93703586101144176243V1FLivingLonger.pdf

"This study describes the decisions that older workers are actually making about work and retirement. It reports on their experiences more than their expectations of the journey into retirement, assuming that life stage is not defined by some date, but is rather an ongoing process… It consisted of an interactive online survey conducted by Zogby with a panel of 2,719 respondents. To qualify for the study, participants had to be between the ages of 55-70. Slight weights were added to region, race and gender to more accurately reflect the population of U.S. adults. A primary focus of the 50-question survey was to better understand the experiences and behaviors of the aging workforce, so the survey included many questions asked only of people who were still working or seeking work, either full- or part-time.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 825

"Among aging Baby Boomers (age 55-59), a significant percentage of workers have minimal savings, and 18% expect to have no access to retirement benefits (e.g. pension, 401(k), SEP) when they stop working. Among employees age 60-65, the percentage of workers having no access to retirement benefits drops somewhat to 14%." (p.6)

MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2006, April). Living longer, working longer: The changing landscape of the aging workforce- a MetLife Study. New York, NY: MetLife Mature Market Institute, DeLong, D., & Zogby International.  Retrieved August 10, 2006, from http://www.metlife.com/WPSAssets/93703586101144176243V1FLivingLonger.pdf

"This study describes the decisions that older workers are actually making about work and retirement. It reports on their experiences more than their expectations of the journey into retirement, assuming that life stage is not defined by some date, but is rather an ongoing process… It consisted of an interactive online survey conducted by Zogby with a panel of 2,719 respondents. To qualify for the study, participants had to be between the ages of 55-70. Slight weights were added to region, race and gender to more accurately reflect the population of U.S. adults. A primary focus of the 50-question survey was to better understand the experiences and behaviors of the aging workforce, so the survey included many questions asked only of people who were still working or seeking work, either full- or part-time.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 510

The percentage of persons age 50 and older who owned a home increased by 2.5% from 80.9% in 1980 to 82.9% in 2000.

AARP. (2002, May). Beyond 50: summary tables and charts. Research report. (Table: Wealth and net worth). Washington, DC: Gist, J., Figueiredo, C., & Ng-Baumhackl, M. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from http://www.aarp.org/research/reference/statistics/aresearch-import-298.html



"Through its analysis of both the status quo and developing trends, Beyond 50: A Report to the Nation on Economic Security provides readers with an in-depth look at the well-being of more than one-quarter of Americans - the 76 million people age 50 and older in 2000."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 504

While Social Security represented 100% of the income received by 13% of persons age 65 and above in 1980, it represented 100% of the income received by 17% of persons age 65 and above in 1998.

While Social Security represented 50% of the income received by 34% of persons age 65 and above in 1980, it represented 50% of the income received by 42% of persons age 65 and above in 1998.

AARP. (2002, May). Beyond 50: summary tables and charts. Research report. (Table: Social security). Washington, DC: Gist, J., Figueiredo, C., & Ng-Baumhackl, M. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from http://www.aarp.org/research/reference/statistics/aresearch-import-298.html

"Through its analysis of both the status quo and developing trends, Beyond 50: A Report to the Nation on Economic Security provides readers with an in-depth look at the well-being of more than one-quarter of Americans - the 76 million people age 50 and older in 2000."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 432

57.6% of persons age 50-61 in the bottom 25% of income earners owned homes in 2000.

71.5% of persons age 62-74 in the bottom 25% of income earners owned homes in 2000.

69.1% of persons age 75 and above in the bottom 25% of income earners owned homes in 2000.



AARP. (2002, May). Beyond 50: summary tables and charts. Research report. (Table: Core indicators by age & income data). Washington, DC: Gist, J., Figueiredo, C., & Ng-Baumhackl, M. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from http://www.aarp.org/research/reference/statistics/aresearch-import-298.html



"Through its analysis of both the status quo and developing trends, Beyond 50: A Report to the Nation on Economic Security provides readers with an in-depth look at the well-being of more than one-quarter of Americans - the 76 million people age 50 and older in 2000."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 356

Moen and her colleagues asked 'retired' individuals who worked for pay why they did so. They found that while the need 'to keep active' was the primary reason (89%), study respondents commented that they also 'desired additional income' (63%) or 'needed additional income' (41%). (p.15)

Moen, P., Erickson, A. W., Agarwal, M., Fields, V., & Todd, L. (2000). The Cornell retirement and well-being study. Final Report. Ithaca, NY: Bronfenbrenner Life Course Center at Cornell University.



"The Cornell Retirement and Well-Being Study investigates the transition to-and life in-retirement. The focus is on pathways in and out of paid work and unpaid community service, as well as their implications for well-being. Most studies of retirement have viewed it as a one-way, onetime exit, and have examined men’s experiences exclusively. By contrast, we look at men and women, interviewing a large (n=664) sample of 50-72 year olds every two years over a five-year period, from 1994-95 to 1998-99. The study consists of three waves of interviews of older workers and retirees, collected approximately two years apart: 1994-95, 1996-97, and 1998-99. We selected people to study from random lists of workers and retirees (age 50-72 in1994-95) from six major upstate New York corporations. Participating organizations include one university, two hospitals, two Fortune 500 firms, and a utility company. Our original sample, interviewed in 1994-95, consisted of 762 retirees and not-yet-retired older workers.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 348

"The 2004 daily rate for a private room in a nursing home is $192 ($70, 080 annually), and for a semi-private room $169 ($61, 685 annually)." (p.6)



MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2004, September). The MetLife Market Survey of Nursing Home & Home Care Costs. Westport, CT: MetLife Mature Market Institute.



"Each year, the MetLife Mature Market Institute conducts a market survey of nursing home and home care costs in the United States. The 2004 survey was conducted by telephone in 87 major markets in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Private pay rates were obtained for private and semi-private rooms in licensed nursing homes and for Home Health Aides working for licensed home care agencies."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 943

According to the "A Work-Filled Retirement" survey, "among retired workers who remain in the labor force, approximately one in three (35%) are very confident they have the financial resources to support themselves in retirement, while an additional 32% are somewhat confident. Twelve percent are not at all confident they have access to adequate resources." (p.19)

Reynolds, S., Ridley, N., & Van Horn, C., Ph.D. (2005, August). A Work-Filled Retirement: Workers' Changing Views on Employment and Leisure. Worktrends, 8.1 (Summer '05).



“In this report, American workers across the nation describe their expectations of retirement and their views of how older workers are treated in the workplace…A total of 1,232 adults were interviewed for this survey. Respondents who worked full or part time, or who were unemployed and looking for work, received a complete interview. A total of 432 respondents who did not meet these criteria received a short interview that included demographic questions. The results of this report are based on a total of 800 complete interviews with members of the workforce, including 82 people who have retired from their primary job but remain in the workforce. The final results were weighted to match U.S. Census Bureau estimates for age, educational attainment, gender, and race.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 944

According to the "A Work-Filled Retirement" survey, "of the retired-but-working group, only 31% currently receive Social Security benefits, while 75% have other money saved for retirement besides their Social Security payments. One in six of the retired but working are neither receiving Social Security nor have anything else saved for retirement." (p.20)

Reynolds, S., Ridley, N., & Van Horn, C., Ph.D. (2005, August). A Work-Filled Retirement: Workers' Changing Views on Employment and Leisure. Worktrends, 8.1 (Summer '05).

“In this report, American workers across the nation describe their expectations of retirement and their views of how older workers are treated in the workplace…A total of 1,232 adults were interviewed for this survey. Respondents who worked full or part time, or who were unemployed and looking for work, received a complete interview. A total of 432 respondents who did not meet these criteria received a short interview that included demographic questions. The results of this report are based on a total of 800 complete interviews with members of the workforce, including 82 people who have retired from their primary job but remain in the workforce. The final results were weighted to match U.S. Census Bureau estimates for age, educational attainment, gender, and race.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 947

According to the "A Work-Filled Retirement" survey, "men are more likely than women to believe they will rely on personal savings (25% vs 20%) or on employer-sponsored pensions or 401(k)s (46% vs 38%), while women are more likely to think they will base their retirement support on Social Security (18% vs 10%) or on other sources (22% vs 18%, including an eight-to-one margin within the 'income from a spouse' category." (p.22)

Reynolds, S., Ridley, N., & Van Horn, C., Ph.D. (2005, August). A Work-Filled Retirement: Workers' Changing Views on Employment and Leisure. Worktrends, 8.1 (Summer '05).

“In this report, American workers across the nation describe their expectations of retirement and their views of how older workers are treated in the workplace…A total of 1,232 adults were interviewed for this survey. Respondents who worked full or part time, or who were unemployed and looking for work, received a complete interview. A total of 432 respondents who did not meet these criteria received a short interview that included demographic questions. The results of this report are based on a total of 800 complete interviews with members of the workforce, including 82 people who have retired from their primary job but remain in the workforce. The final results were weighted to match U.S. Census Bureau estimates for age, educational attainment, gender, and race.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1262

"Housing, food, transportation, and health care are the largest expenditure components of retirees' budgets, together accounting for about three-quarters of the average retired consumer unit's budget."

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003, August). Retirement expenditures for Whites, Blacks, and persons of Hispanic origin. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from http://www.bls.gov/opud/ted/2003/aug/wk1/art04.htm

"These data are from the Consumer Expenditure Survey program. For more information see "Retirement expenditures for Whites, Blacks, and persons of Hispanic origin," Monthly Labor Review, June 2003. The data used in this article are from the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey from the first quarter of 1996 through the first quarter of 2001. White means "White, non-Hispanic." Black means, "Black, non-Hispanic." The race/ethnic group of the consumer unit is determined by the reference person (the person responding to the survey). Similarly, only the reference person needs to be retired to qualify a husband-and-wife consumer unit as retired."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1234

Of households with at least one adult aged 65 or older, 22% of those that received Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI) benefits reported receiving wage, salary, or self-employment income as well, compared to 37% of households that did not receive OASDI benefits. (Social Security Administration, 2006b: 14-15).




Social Security Administration, Office of Policy. (2006b, May). Income of the Population 55 or Older, 2004. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 8, 2007 from http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2004/incpop04.pdf

"This report provides a broad income picture of a cross section of the population aged 55 and older, with special emphasis on income of the population aged 65 and older." (p.iii)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1233

Of households with at least one adult aged 62-64, 46% of those that received Old Age, Survivors and Disability (OASDI) benefits reported receiving wage, salary, or self-employment income as well, compared to 81% of households that did not receive OASDI benefits. (Social Security Administration, 2006b: 14-15).




Social Security Administration, Office of Policy. (2006b, May). Income of the Population 55 or Older, 2004. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2004/incpop04.pdf

"This report provides a broad income picture of a cross section of the population aged 55 and older, with special emphasis on income of the population aged 65 and older." (p.iii)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1232

Of households with at least one adult aged 55-61, 43% of those that received Old Age, Survivors, and Disbiliaty (OASDI) benefits reported receiving wage, salary, or self-employment income as well, compared to 87% of households that did not receive OASDI benefits. (Social Security Administration, 2006b: 14-15).






Social Security Administration, Office of Policy. (2006b, May). Income of the Population 55 or Older, 2004. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 8, 2007, from http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2004/incpop04.pdf

"This report provides a broad income picture of a cross section of the population aged 55 and older, with special emphasis on income of the population aged 65 and older." (p.iii)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1231

For the average earner, retiring at age 65, Social Security replaces about 41 percent of pre-retirement earnings. (Center for Retirement Research, 2006: 8).

Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. (2006, August). An Update on Private Pensions. Chestnut Hill, MA: Munnell, A.H., and Perun, P. Retrieved on November 1, 2006, from http://www.bc.edu/centers/crr/issues/ib_50.pdf

Using primarily the 1980 through 2005 Current Population Survey data, "this brief...explores who is covered by a pension plan and who is not, how much retirees receive in pension income, and how pension coverage and receipt have changed over time. The key finding is that total pension coverage has continued to shift to 401(k) plans. These developments, coupled with declining levels of earnings replacement under Social Security, mean that future retirees will have to work longer if they want to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living in retirement." (p.1)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1228

According to the Social Security administration, Social Security "was 90% or more of income for 21% of aged beneficiary couples and 43% of aged nonmarried beneficiaries. Total income excludes withdrawals from savings and non-annuitized IRAs or 401(k) plans; it also excludes in-kind support, such as food stamps and housing and energy assistance." (Social Security Administration, 2006a: 7).

Social Security Administration, Office of Policy. (2006a, September). Fast Facts & Figures About Social Security, 2006. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 8, 2007 from http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/2006/fast_facts06.pdf

This report "answers the most frequently asked questions about the programs SSA administers. It highlights basic program data for the Social Security...and Supplemental Security programs."

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1204

According to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Social Security provided 72.7% of non-earned income of those aged 65 and older in 2004.  Pensions, assets, and other sources of income represented 17.4%, 6.6%, and 3.3% of non-earned income, respectively. (p.2, Fig. 2)

*Note: Information based upon Current Population Study data.



Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. (2006, March). 401(k) Plans are Still Coming Up Short. Chestnut Hill, MA: Munnell, A.H., and Sunden, A.

"The release of the Federal Reserve's 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is a(n)…opportunity to reassess the role that 401(k) plans are playing in the provision of retirement income. The SCF is a triennial survey of nationally representative sample of U.S. households' assets, liabilities, and demographic characteristics....The 2001 survey showed that 401(k) accumulations were coming up short. The 2004 survey shows some progress but most of the problems persist.

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1157

"For the average earner, retiring at age 62 -- a common retirement age -- Social Security today replaces 33 percent of pre-retirement earnings or 31 percent after deducting the Medicare Part B premium." (p.7)

Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. (2006, August). An Update on Private Pensions. Chestnut Hill, MA: Munnell, A.H., and Perun, P. Retrieved on November 1, 2006 from http://www.bc.edu/centers/crr/issues/ib_50.pdf

Using primarily the 1980 through 2005 Current Population Survey data, ”this brief…explores who is covered by a pension plan and who is not, how much retirees receive in pension income, and how pension coverage and receipt have changed over time. The key finding is that total pension coverage has continued to shift to 401(k) plans. These developments, coupled with declining levels of earnings replacement under Social Security, mean that future retirees will have to work longer if they want to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living in retirement." (p.1)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1156

"Delayed retirement and work during retirement have become more and more crucial to the income picture of those over 65, with earnings rising from a low of 17 percent in 1988 to 27 percent in 2004." (p.6)

Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. (2006, August). An Update on Private Pensions. Chestnut Hill, MA: Munnell, A.H., and Perun, P. Retrieved on November 1, 2006 from http://www.bc.edu/centers/crr/issues/ib_50.pdf



Using primarily the 1980 through 2005 Current Population Survey data, ”this brief…explores who is covered by a pension plan and who is not, how much retirees receive in pension income, and how pension coverage and receipt have changed over time. The key finding is that total pension coverage has continued to shift to 401(k) plans. These developments, coupled with declining levels of earnings replacement under Social Security, mean that future retirees will have to work longer if they want to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living in retirement." (p.1)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 1155

"In 2004, employer-sponsored pension income accounted for 19 percent of total income for those 65 and over." (p.6)

Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. (2006, August). An Update on Private Pensions. Chestnut Hill, MA: Munnell, A.H., and Perun, P. Retrieved on November 1, 2006 from http://www.bc.edu/centers/crr/issues/ib_50.pdf

Using primarily the 1980 through 2005 Current Population Survey data, ”this brief…explores who is covered by a pension plan and who is not, how much retirees receive in pension income, and how pension coverage and receipt have changed over time. The key finding is that total pension coverage has continued to shift to 401(k) plans. These developments, coupled with declining levels of earnings replacement under Social Security, mean that future retirees will have to work longer if they want to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living in retirement." (p.1)

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 948

According to the "A Work-Filled Retirement" survey, "among the subgroup of workers that have already retired from their main job but remain in the labor force, most have alternate means of income that function as their primary financial support. Thirty-three percent rely primarily on employer-sponsored pensions or 401(k)s, while 17% rely on Social Security, and 16% rely on income from personal savings. Thirteen percent earn their primary income from a part-time job, while other forms of support include spousal income, spousal retirement plans, and full-time jobs." (p.22-23)

Reynolds, S., Ridley, N., & Van Horn, C., Ph.D. (2005, August). A Work-Filled Retirement: Workers' Changing Views on Employment and Leisure. Worktrends, 8.1 (Summer '05).

“In this report, American workers across the nation describe their expectations of retirement and their views of how older workers are treated in the workplace…A total of 1,232 adults were interviewed for this survey. Respondents who worked full or part time, or who were unemployed and looking for work, received a complete interview. A total of 432 respondents who did not meet these criteria received a short interview that included demographic questions. The results of this report are based on a total of 800 complete interviews with members of the workforce, including 82 people who have retired from their primary job but remain in the workforce. The final results were weighted to match U.S. Census Bureau estimates for age, educational attainment, gender, and race.”

Retirement Income & Expenditures

Statistic # 305

In 2003, 24%, 63% and 13% of white persons age 55 and above lived alone, with a spouse and with other persons, respectively.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2005). U.S. Census Bureau, statistical abstract of the United States: 2004-2005. Population. (Section 1, Table 54, p. 49). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from http://www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-2001_2005.html



"This section presents statistics on the growth, distribution, and characteristics of the U.S. population. The principal source of these data is the U.S. Census Bureau, which conducts a decennial census of population, a monthly population survey, a program of population estimates and projections, and a number of other periodic surveys relating to population characteristics."